The subtheme is concerned primarily with a set of state and local governing strategies vis-à-vis religious communities, organizations and religion as a broader phenomenon in European contexts. There are multiple trends across European Union states in regards to governance of religious groups and morality more broadly. In some states, public debates are almost entirely devoid of references to religious tradition or explicit modes of morality while in others, there are rather explicit and frequent invocations of one religious tradition, which holds primacy in comparison to other moral systems. Questions regarding political control of religious organization and political participation of religious communities are highly complex. Recent research is nevertheless clear that various styles of governance and legal frameworks across Europe produce or rather influence a range of different dynamics within and outside religious communities, majority and minority religious groups. For example, in Nordic countries, the majority of citizens do not strongly identify religion as an important factor in their daily lives, nor as a part of their national belonging. However, a significant minority of citizens in those countries have contrary sentiments. Likewise, in parts of Southern Europe, religion plays a significant role in peoples’ national identities. What are the main causes of those discrepancies and divergent perceptions? Why do some states and local authorities strive to eliminate and/or limit public displays of religious symbols and practices? What are some of the differences between governing strategies of public morality and religious identities in different parts of Europe? These are some of the questions this subtheme aims at exploring.