This subtheme explores questions related to the tensions between citizenship and religious rights in a spectrum of European legal and political contexts. The protection of rights of individuals is strongly connected to the idea and practice of the rule of law, and the image of a modern democratic state. The idea is that a modern democratic state has an obligation to protect an individual’s basic rights and freedoms. Such rights ought to be equally applied to both majority and minority groups in a society; however, rights are in particular understood as a protection of minorities. Nevertheless, despite these provisions on rights, the power holders and courts have large legal room to manoeuvre practical application of such rights through legal interpretations that are directly connected to political interests and public sentiments. Both historical background and political realities in different European states are important to the analysis of citizenship rights including religious freedoms. This is particularly interesting when an analysis is set in relation to the European Convention on Human Rights and other EU provisions on rights and religious freedoms. What are then the contents of religious freedoms in various contexts, and what implications do they have on an individual or group belonging to a particular legal citizenship framework? Are there visions of European citizenship rights and broad inclusion of religious minorities as an integral part of “looming” European citizenship? This subtheme explores both the legal bounds of citizenship in relation to its social and political significance in shaping and limiting religious freedoms of a particular religious community and/or communities.