Two important indicators of a highly developed civil society is the ability to organize and mobilize populations by civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations. Added to this, the quality of their activities can sometimes be measured in the amount of social capital a particular individual or a group enjoys in a society. For instance, religious communities usually form associations around activities such as sports, cultural heritage, and ethnic and linguistic interests etc. The outcome of such interactions that are potentially available to an individual or a group of individuals is observable in the quality and extent of social networks, which in turn provide access to all kinds of social, political, cultural etc. recognitions. What is then the role (or roles) of religious communities in various European civil societies? What aspects of secularity and contentions between various interests can be observed in these civil societies? The subtheme explores religious spaces (associations, organizations, community and public spaces etc.) within a range of European civil societies, in order to investigate the similarities and differences of socializing processes in various contexts – including various modes of secularities. This type of exploration entails investigating both the spectrum of various religious communities and organizations, both their internal and external relations, including various representations of majority and minority religious communities in various European contexts. Representation means here how media outlets, social media and political discourses etc. represent various religious communities and organizations.